Essay --

Health promotion is important in the prevention of diseases and negative health behaviours in the skunk public. It costs the NHS a lot more to cure or treat the disease than it does to promote a healthier lifestyle. Health promotion is the act of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health (Ottawa H.P. Charter). In the 1950s the world health organisation worked to get individuals interested in and educated about their own health. The building of healthy public policy is related to the decisions made at all levels of the government and the work of other organisations who pay off to improve health. The campaign Healthy Child Healthy pack is aimed the prevention of unhealthy weight in children, which will lead to obesity either instanter or in adulthood and later life (Scottish Government, 2011). The campaign works closely with schools, finding this as a key organisation to help assault childhood obesity. The campaign takes into consideration Scottish policy Route Map towards Healthy Weight which also places a large focus on tackling obesity in children, to base their interventions on. Also it reflects the Getting It Right For Every Child approach by putting the child and their family at the centre of the interventions and providing support so children can get the best derail in life (Scottish Government, 2012). The understanding that families, parents as well as children must be included will feature a great impact on the success of the campaign since these are the people who make the decisions regarding their childs eating habits and creating good dietary behaviour. In Scotland over one million adults and over 150,000 children are obese. Scotland has the third highest level of obesity per population, after t... ...nts should be limited during the periods of time children are likely to be watching TV and should only have a limited amount of air play per day.In conclusion the Healthy Child Healthy Weight campaign can be very effectiv e in reducing overweigh and obesity in children. Obesity is a major problem in at onces society with the level of occurrence rising meaning the cost to the NHS to treat the consequences increasing. Intervention in childhood will be beneficial to start the behaviour change process early where habits have not been instilled for a great length of time. Working with families will help the child strive for a healthy weight, as they will be able to provide healthy meals and encourage physical activity. The cost of the campaign is an issue to ensure the campaign keeps running, further funds must be sourced to provide more interventions in local areas.

Colonization and the Black Mans Struggle Essay -- A Level Essays

Colonization and the Black Mans StruggleSlavery was one of the most horrific and in human acts ever instilled on a race of people ever in our worlds history. People were stolen from their homelands, broken apart from their families, and were thrust into a lifestyle that inhibited their every take and instilled harsh punishments on them. It is almost impossible for many of us to comprehend the mindsets that these slave owners possessed, but history paints a truly horrific and emotional vulnerability for us only to see. In spea pansy about thralldom many quickly think of the African struggle under the possession of the whites, but slavery is not nearly as recent an occurrence as 1492 when Columbus reached the New World. For thousands of years slaves have been used for means of menial labor and the familiar dirty work of the more wealthy proprietors. Slaves were used in the creation of the pyramids in Egypt, work on Mayan temples in South America, and even used by the Mongols in n orthern Asia as a part of the Mongolian fighting machine. The enslavement of the Africans, however, created a legacy of oppression and tyranny that carried on much monthlong after the abolition of the systems. The reason for this is that African slaves were not looked upon as humans at all, but as a commodity that could be abused and sell purely for the purpose of making a profit. In most other instances of slavery throughout history motives like religion and love for a king drove the souls of the men and women laborers. This is the major striking difference between the Africans enslaved by the white man from the early fifteen hundreds until today. Although today slavery is abolished in all of Europe and America the people of Africa are still in a sense enslaved by... ... domination over others. BibliographyBarrett, E. Leonard. (1997). The Rastafarians. Boston Beacon Press.Bridges, George. (1828). The Annals of Jamaica. London frank Cass and Company Limited.Carley, Mary. (1963). Jamaica Old and the New. New York Fredrick A. Praeger Publishing.Floyd, Berry. (1979). Jamaica- an Island Microcosm. New York Saint Peters Press. Gardner, W. J. (1873). A History of Jamaica. London Frank Cass and Company Limited. Green, Cencilia. (1997). Historical Roots of Modern Caribbean Politics. Against the Current. Vol. 12, (4), 34-38. Hart, Richard. (1999). Towards Decolonisation Political, Labour, and stinting Development in Jamaica. Kingston Canoe Press.Manley, Michael. (1975). A Voice at the Workplace. Washington D. C. Howard University Press. Verrill, A. Hyatt. (1931). Jamaica of Today. New York Dodd, Mead and Company.

Essay --

Slaves wanted freedom. They wanted to get away from their malicious and abusive owners, reunite with their families, and have a portion at a new life. The cloak-and-dagger railroad track gave them that chance. Before the resistivity Railroad, slaveholders became accustomed to the use of this cruel system in which they called slavery, where slaves were often treated worsened than farm animals. Slaves were forced to live in terrible conditions, where they were crowded into poorly built huts, exposed to both the freezing cold and extreme heat, worked from sun up until sun down, and were malnourished. Slaves could also be subjected to torturous punishments at the will of his or her master or overseer. As a southern judge once decreed, The creator of the master must be absolute. Slaveholders would even aim to break up slave families just so that their absolute control would never waver. (Landau) It is believed that the system of the Underground Railroad began in 1787 when a Quaker n amed Isaac T. Hopper started to organize a system for hiding and aiding fugitive slaves. The Underground Railroad was a vast, loosely organised network of people who helped aid fugitive slaves in their escape to the North and Canada. It operated mostly at night and consisted of many whites, but predominately blacks. While the Underground Railroad had unofficially existed before it, a cause for its expansion was the passage of the 1850 walkaway Slave Act. The 1850 Fugitive Slave Act allowed for runaway slaves to be captured and returned within the territory of the United States and added further provisions regarding the runaways and imposed even harsher chastisements for interfering in their capture (A&E). The 1850 Fugitive Slave Act was a major cause of the developing o... ...d and inspired blacks to do something about the situation that they were being given, and so they did. Blacks and whites came together to fight on the same side, to fight for the abolishment of slavery. Th is coming together is what caused the Underground Railroad to expand and evolve, but none of it would have ever happened, or at least not as fast as it did, without the passage of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act which brought blacks and whites together. In this way the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act was a major cause of the development of the Underground Railroad because it caused people to distinguish just how cruel slavery was, which invoked an increase in the support and aid of the strong, free, black population, who were a crucial component to the Underground Railroad, as well as abolitionist and anti-slavery white, resulting in the expansion of the Underground Railroad.

Humorous Wedding Speech for a Groom Who has Moved Frequently :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Humorous Wedding Speech for a Groom Who has Moved FrequentlyFirstly, on behalf of the bride and groom, let me thank you all for attending this wedding solemnisation which Im sure you will agree has been organised magnificently well - and I bet the wedding album has better coverage than the (insert latest tablod scandal here)laughterYesterday evening I was advised of my official wedding day duties and responsibilities. I was advised that, when greeting guests, to pay special attention to unaccompanied women. Im style ahead on that one, Josephs already foundern me a list of names with photos. On the subject of guests, in the run-up to today, Joseph and Barbara had a bit of an issue with the seating room plan, because they really couldnt decide who to dumbfound where. So I offered to step in and help work something out. What we finally decided was to use the wedding gift list, and put those who bought the biggest items nearest the front, and work it back from there. So if they can hear me at the back there, thank you to Tony and Sue for the oven glove. And if you look around this room youll see there are guests here from all around the world. Joseph has made a lot of international friends, and presumably they are all now part of his pyramid scheme. zero travels as widely as this man, Paris, New York, Moscow. In fact, last Friday when I went to meet him at the airport, three planes landed and Joseph got off all of them. In the xii years weve been friends he has lived in so many places, and moved more times than everyone I know - put together. I now always give his cell phone a ring before I drop by to visit, to check that he hasnt moved again. In fact, it started to get so complicated, at one point I considered studying for a University Geography degree to keep up with him. But they cite that every busy man should behave a wife. Then he wont have to waste time in making up his own mind. Now, at some point Im supposed to say what an honour it is being Jose phs best man. And when I say best man, I really mean best man. Just have a look at table four over there and youll see there really was very little competition - that just looks like the bar scene from wizard Wars.

The Role Of Friar Lawrence :: essays research papers

In Romeo and Juliet, a tragedy by William Shakespeare, mendicant Lawrence plays a dominate role in the eventual finale of Romeo and Juliet even though he is not on stage for most of the play. There are basically three major parts that lead to the tragedy the marriage, the plan, and the inevitable deaths in all which Friar Lawrence plays a vital role.Friar Lawrence plays an essential role in the marriage of young Romeo and Juliet. At Romeos request Friar Lawrence states, "In one respect Ill thy assistant be for this alliance may so happy prove, to turn your households to pure love" (Act 2 perspective 3.) Friar Lawrence believes that this holy marriage would bring the Capulet family and Montuague family closer together, for he anticipates that the families will stop hating each other and be peaceful. His attempts to make the marriage of Romeo and Juliet are admirable but poorly planned. Friar Lawrence performs the marriage rites to unite them in holy marriage. Romeo and Ju liet are now husband and wife. They have known each other a sum of two days. Friar Lawrence plays a vital role in the marriage of Romeo and Juliet.Friar Lawrence plays a significant role in the plan for Juliet to "sleep." Friar Lawrence calms a frantic Juliet by giving her and telling her to "Take thou this vial, being then in bed, and this distilled liquor drink though off" (Act 4, Scene 1). Later, Juliet is skittish and unsure of the effects of the potion. She hopes that this is only a temporary sleep and not a permanent one. He also tells Juliet that "Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift, and here shall hem come and he and I shall watch thy waking, and that very night shall Romeo bear thee to Mantua" (Act 4, Scene 1.) Unforeseen to neither the Friar nor Juliet that an error such as the one of Friar Johns would prove to be deadly. Poor Romeo was not able to receive the letter. Friar Lawrence plays a significant role in the plan for Juliet to "sleep ."Friar Lawrence plays an important rule in the actual deaths of Romeo, Juliet, And Paris. Friar Lawrence is unable to reach Romeo with the news of Juliets "death." Romeo, thinking Juliet is dead rushes to Verona, but not before buying some fast poison.

The Role Of Friar Lawrence :: essays research papers

In Romeo and Juliet, a tragedy by William Shakespeare, friar Lawrence plays a dominate power in the eventual death of Romeo and Juliet even though he is not on stage for most of the play. There are basically three study parts that lead to the tragedy the marriage, the plan, and the inevitable deaths in all which Friar Lawrence plays a vital role.Friar Lawrence plays an essential role in the marriage of young Romeo and Juliet. At Romeos request Friar Lawrence states, "In one respect Ill thy assistant be for this alliance may so happy prove, to turn your households to sharp love" (Act 2 Scene 3.) Friar Lawrence believes that this holy marriage would bring the Capulet family and Montuague family closer together, for he anticipates that the families will stop hating each other and be peaceful. His attempts to turn over the marriage of Romeo and Juliet are admirable but poorly planned. Friar Lawrence performs the marriage rites to unite them in holy marriage. Romeo and Juliet are now husband and wife. They have know each other a sum of two days. Friar Lawrence plays a vital role in the marriage of Romeo and Juliet.Friar Lawrence plays a significant role in the plan for Juliet to "sleep." Friar Lawrence calms a frantic Juliet by giving her and telling her to "Take thou this vial, being then in bed, and this distilled liquor drink though off" (Act 4, Scene 1). Later, Juliet is uneasy and unsure of the effects of the potion. She hopes that this is only a temporary sleep and not a permanent one. He also tells Juliet that "Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift, and hither shall hem come and he and I shall watch thy waking, and that very night shall Romeo bear thee to Mantua" (Act 4, Scene 1.) Unforeseen to neither the Friar nor Juliet that an error such as the one of Friar Johns would prove to be deadly. Poor Romeo was not able to receive the letter. Friar Lawrence plays a significant role in the plan for Juliet to "sleep." Friar Lawrence plays an important rule in the actual deaths of Romeo, Juliet, And Paris. Friar Lawrence is unable to reach Romeo with the news of Juliets "death." Romeo, opinion Juliet is dead rushes to Verona, but not before buying some fast poison.

Curriculum Leader as Change Agent

Curriculum Leader as Change Agent The profession of nursing is a critical part of the health care system. Any change in the system brings about change in the profession. Nursing, as a profession, continues to stand to the challenge of the times. The employment environment for health care workers has undergone change, too. There is a wide range of continuous improvement of healthcare forces brought about by technological advances and modernization in society especially in the field of nursing curriculum.Responding to the challenge brought about by these changes in the healthcare environment and the healthcare workplace means major(ip) reforms in the delivery and management of the health care system. It means a health care workforce function as a change gene and create a preferred future for nursing Leader education and nursing practice who is ready and prepared to meet the advances of modern society and its come with challenges.It is for this reason that every nurse should plight the pathway of curriculum educator. As educator leader, we are envisioned to be integrated and comprehensive approaches to health development. It endeavors to limit essential goods, health and nursing education as part of the so called re-engineering Change in the healthcare system has a major impact on how, where, and even who practice nursing (Catalino, 1996). Nurses will need to get involved in decisions about where healthcare is going.They need to band together as a profession and exert potential power that they have access to politicians, physicians, hospital administrators, and insurance companies in shaping the future of their profession. Preparing nurse educator curricula must channelise the loading of fellowship and skills essential for effectiveness and excellence in the nurse educator role and make transparent the scope and standards of nurse educator practice. for each one nurse educator course specifically addresses one or more of the core competencies including cu rriculum design, assessment and evaluation, instructional technology, and designing systems to support change in nursing education. Nurse educator as leader and agent to change must encourage students, co workers and other professions to tell their stories, assess their strengths and weaknesses, and describe their step-up and development in the educator role. This facet of nursing should engages future nurses in critical thinking, fosters creativity, and motivates them to use standards to inform their own practice.Most importantly, the Nurse Educator as leader and agent of change challenges students to reflect upon their academic preparation in each of the core competencies and prepares them to assume roles as leaders and innovators in the practice and scientific discipline of nursing education. Nurse educator as innovator should also reflect on the essence of each of the competencies in their practice select evidence that demonstrates their knowledge and abilities for each compet ency and project excellence based on their learning and professional goals, on the core competencies of nurse educators.For example, facilitate learning , facilitate bookman development and socialization, use assessment and evaluation strategies, participate in curriculum design and evaluation of program outcomes, function as change agent and leader, pursue continuous quality improvement in the nurse educator role, engage in scholarship, and function within the educational environment. Ultimately, sharing information about the core competencies of nurse educators challenge to develop the components of our role in all its dimensions and inspires excellence in their practice as nurse educators.

Mental Health in Texas Prisons and Jails

Fall 2012 Mental Health in Texas prison houses and jails October 13, 2012 University of Southern California A. Introduction Issue, polity, task Texas has approximately 24. 3 m fed up(p)ion residents according to 2010 state statistics from the National Alliance on Mental Illness. Close to 833,000 adults pull in it off with a serious cordial illness. at heart these 24. 3 gazillion residents of Texas in 2008, approximately 37,700 adults with a mental illness were incarcerated (NAMI. org).Additionally, there is an estimated 31% of fe manlike and 14% of male jail inmates nationally live with serious mental illness. We gossip this because there argon inadequate general mental wellness run to meet the necessitate of those low. Texas public mental health system take into accounts service to only 21% of adults who live with a mental illness (NAMI. org). The objective of the 18th Edition Texas Laws for Mental Health are to provide a comprehensive range of services for persons w ith mental illness or mental retardation that need publicly supported upkeep, treatment, or habilitation.In providing those services, efforts will be made to coordinate services and programs with services and programs provided by former(a) governmental entities to minimize duplication and to share with other governmental entities in financing those services and programs (TDSHS. us). Regardless of the objective by the Texas Laws, prisoners are not, however, a powerful public constituency, and legislative and executive branch officials typically ignore their rights absent litigation or the threat of litigation (UNHCR. org).With this being said, there is great ill within this objective. Many, even thousands of prisoners become incarcerated without receiving the major mental health services they require. Gazing within, many prison mental health services are woefully deficient, crippled by understanding, insufficient facilities, and encumbered programs. State budget cuts handed down d uring the recent legislative session left hand the Texas Department of Criminal Justice with a dangerously-low $6. 1 billion biennial budget, approximately $97 million less than last categorys funding levels.As a result, the mental health pity system suffered layoffs along with the rest of the prison health safeguard services. In addition, although treatment and medications were left untouched, fewer medical workers are now left to treat mentally-ill inmates. Staffing cuts in turn increased the inmate-to-staff ratio from 58 to one upward to 65 inmates for both mental health care worker (Nix, 2011). The growing number of mentally ill persons who are incarcerated in the United States is an unintended consequence of two public policies adopted over the last thirty years.The elected officials have failed to provide adequate funding, support, and direction for the community mental health systems that were supposed to replace the mental health hospitals shut down as part of the dein stitutionalization effort that began in the 1960s (UNHCR,org). Following the deinstitutionalization process came the war on drugs campaign. This was to have embraced a punitive, anti-crime effort. What we see was a consider suitable proportion of the prisons and jails population sore, to a greater extent(prenominal) than quadrupling in the last thirty years. B.History and Scope of Issue Eighty-three years after the first American institution exclusively for the insane was opened in Williamsburg, Virginia, the first Texas facility for the mentally ill was established by the Sixth Legislature. Legislation write by Governor Elisha M. Pease on August 28, 1856, called for the establishment of a state lunatic asylum (Creson). Fifty thousand dollars was appropriated for land and buildings. The State Lunatic foundation (now Austin State Hospital) did not open until 1861, when Superintendent Dr. Beriah Graham admitted twelve patients.Before 1861, individuals with a mental illness or men tal retardation were kept at home, sent out of state for treatment or custodial care, or confined in almshouses or jails. Dr. David Wallace was the first physician in the state to limit his practice to psychiatry. During his tenure as superintendent of the two institutions, Wallace successfully resisted political patronage in the asylums, advocated removal of the harmless mentally retarded from them, did away with restraint, introduced occupational and recreation activities as treatment modalities, and utilized furloughing as a prominent part of institutional procedure.Dr. David Wallace was a true advocate for the mentally ill, and fought for their right to be treated respectfully. Overcrowding became a major enigma during the 1940s. Public pressure to reduce the lengthy waiting lists for admission to state hospitals and to remove mentally ill individuals from local anesthetic anesthetic jails increased occupancy in already overcrowded hospitals. In 1943, the legislature converted the Confederate Home for Men into a hospital for mentally ill male geriatric patients in order to provide beds in the larger hospitals.In 100 years, the state system for caring for the mentally ill grew to nine state hospitals unlogical about the state. Their population had, however, begun to decline as a result of saucy treatment techniques and changing social ideas about the role of state psychiatric hospitals in caring for afflicted individuals (Creson). Over the years, as the population continued to grow, so did crime, drug use, and violence. Research indicates that 72% of both male and female jail detainees with painful mental distracts also meet criteria for substance use disorders of alcohol or drug abuse (Abram & Teplin, 1991).Within this negative growth, the punishment for the crimes also tightened. Soon we began to see an increase in arrest, and more offenders incarcerated. However, some of the increase was because those suffering with mental illnesses were the indi viduals committing the crimes. Subsequently, the mental institutions were closing, due to the changing social views of the way those suffering were treated, left those suffering with nowhere to go. As time moved forward, we can see a striking corresponding movement with the legislative funding for mental health care it is spiraling downhill.Hence, the beginning of overcrowding in Texas prisons and jails. Sadly, those suffering from mental illness will not receive quality, fair treatment during incarceration. Providing mental health services to incarcerated offenders is forestall by lack of resources (UNHCR. org). Reflecting back to the early 1800s, there is a mind blowing resemblance to what we see today lack of treatment for those with mental illnesses. C. Perspectives and Analysis of PolicyIn Texas, legislators, mental health professionals, and advocates have recognized the need to reduce the prevalence of serious mental illness in jails and prisons by diverting excusable offend ers to community-based mental health services. In fact, House Bill 2292, passed in 2004, calls for the development of jail diversion strategies along with the implementation of Resiliency and Disease Management (RDM) by the Department of State Health Services (DSHS) for the treatment of severe mental illness (TDSHS).Steps should be taken at the federal, state, and local level to reduce the excess and counterproductive incarceration of non- offenders with mental illness. Mandatory minimum sentencing laws should be revised to endure prison is close for the most serious of offenders. Reducing the number of mentally ill offenders sent to prison will also free up prison resources to ensure appropriate mental health treatment for those men and women with mental illness who must, in fact, be incarcerated for reasons of public safety (UNHCR).On any given day, between 2. 3 and 3. 9 pct of incarcerated offenders in State prisons are estimated to have schizophrenia or other psychotic disorde r, between 13. 1 and 18. 6 percent major depression, and between 2. 1 and 4. 3 percent bipolar disorder (manic episode). In 1999, NAMI (formerly known as the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill) reported that the number of Americans with serious mental illnesses in prison was three times greater than the number hospitalized with such illnesses (UNHCR).In the fiscal 1990 year, the average state hospital census was 3,475, and the number of clients served in community mental health-mental retardation centers was 125,277. The Harris County Psychiatric Center, a 240-bed hospital established in October 1986, jointly funded by the state and Harris County and under the direction of the University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, served an additional 195 individuals. After federal block grants given to states in 1980 provided more state control in distributing federal funds, Texas (like other states) placed a high priority on severely and chronically ill patients in community progr ams.This re-allocation of resources resulted in an exacerbation of conflicts caused by different local and state agendas, legislative concerns for cost effectiveness and advocacy groups agendas for expanded services, as well as professional territorial battles and an expanded definition of what constitutes mental illness. Lawsuits have further complicated the matter of organizing, implementing, and administering the state system while compelling needed reforms. substantive in this regard in Texas was RAJ v.Jones, filed in 1971. Major issues in the case included individualized treatment, patient rights, use of psychotropic medications, and adequate community aftercare services. Morales v. Turman, filed in 1971, resulted in increased quality and availability of mental-health services for juvenile offenders held by the Texas Youth Council. Ruiz v. Estelle did much the same for adults in state prisons and provided impetus for a un practice sessiond prison psychiatric hospital currentl y under construction in Sugar Land (THSA. org).D. Impact of Policy and Analysis During 2003 New Freedom accusation on Mental Health found that the mental health delivery system is fragmented and in disarray- leading to unnecessary and costly disability, homelessness, school failure and incarceration. In many communities, access to quality care is scummy, resulting in wasted resources and lost opportunities for recovery. The likely-hood of failure for community mental health services to meet the involve of those suffering with mental illness is pronounced.The Federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration have estimated that 72 percent of mentally ill individuals entering the jail system have a drug-abuse or alcohol problem. Deinstitutionalization resulted in the release of hundred s of thousands of mentally ill offenders to communities who could not care for them. At about the same time, national attitudes toward those who committed street crime-who are overwhe lming the countrys poorest -changed remarkably (UNHCR. rg). Prisoners with mental illness find it more difficult to adhere to prison rules and to cope with the stresses of confinement, as evidenced by the new BJS statistics that 58 percent of state prisoners with mental problems have been charged with violating prison rules, compared to 43 percent without mental problems. An estimated 24 percent with a mental health problem have been charged with a physical or vocal assault on prison staff, compared to 14 percent of those without.One in five state prisoners with mental health problems has been injured in a fight in prison, compared to one in 10 of those without. Community health services, though good, are, due to lack of funding, inadequate to meet the needs of persons with mental illness. This results in those suffering to come to between the cracks, and into the world of criminal mishap. The lack of funding also affects the ability of law enforcement, courts and correction facil ities to divert persons with mental illness away from the criminal referee system and into a more fitting arrangement.Many persons with mental illness, prison can be counter-therapeutic or even toxic. Nevertheless, we recognize the tragic irony that, for many, prison may also offer significant advantages over liberty. For some mentally ill offenders, prison is the first place they have a chance for treatment. For those who are poor and homeless, given the problems they face in accessing mental health services in the community, prison may offer an opportunity for consistent access to medication and mental health services.Realizing this opportunity depends, of course, on whether the prisons provide the necessary services. In 2008, 1,900 out of 11,000 inmates, or 17. 3 percent in the Harris County jail were on psychotropic medication. expending on mental health care in the prison has risen to $24 million per year, and the combined cost of incarcerating and treating the mentally ill is $87 million annually. A county official noted the jails have become the psychiatric hospitals of the United States.Class action lawsuits have led to improvements in prison mental health care in a number of states, including Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, New Mexico, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Texas, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin. Lawsuits have led to consent decrees and court orders instituting reforms and the court appointment of masters and monitors to oversee compliance. Considering the needs of todays mentally ill prisoners, the progress to date is far from enough. Viewed from the perspective of where prison mental health was two decades ago, the progress has been momentous.Both the state system and the private sphere of influence are in a period of major transition. The Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation was placed by House Bill 7 under the auspices of the Commission on Health and Human Services, a new umbrella agency established by the legislature in July 1991. How this new structuring of the administration of state mental health care will ultimately affect the delivery of mental health services remains to be seen (TSHA). E. view There are nine state mental hospitals in Texas with a total of 2,477 beds to reat civil and criminal patients. About a third of the beds are reserved for criminal commitments, and in 2006, the Department of State Health Services started a waiting list for the beds, because the demand exceeded availability. The shortage of state hospital beds is a problem that local law enforcement officials have been grappling with for years as sheriffs cope with overflowing jails, in which many of the inmates are mentally ill. Harris County officials have seen the number of mentally ill inmates explode since 2003, the last time Texas had a budget crisis and made major cuts.Then, there were fewer than three full-time psychiatrists on duty at the jail. Now, there are mo re than 15. Often they see the same mentally ill inmates repeatedly. State lawmakers are considering budget proposals that would reduce community-based health care services for adults and children and for community mental hospitals by about $152 million in 2012 and 2013. It is about a 20 percent reduction in financing from the previous biennial budget. For community mental hospitals, financing would fall about 3 percent, but the money would be split among five facilities instead of three (Grissom, 2011).Several problems associated with housing mentally ill persons in jails and prisons rather than hospitals The rate of recidivism. Since mentally ill inmates generally receive little care for their illness while in jail or prison, they return to jail or prison at a greater rate than the general prison population. Mentally ill inmates cost more than other prisoners to house. The average Texas inmate costs the state approximately $22,000 per year. While an inmate with a mental illness costs the state approximately $30,000 to $50,000 per year. Other issues the register cites include the fact that mentally ill inmates commit suicide at a greater rate than the general prison population, and mentally ill inmates are easier targets for abuse by other prisoners and prison staff. Texas ranks 49th in the nation in per capita spending on mental health services. Only 25 percent of children and 18 percent of adults with severe mental illness and in need of services from the public mental health system in Harris County are able to receive them. Now, Texas lawmakers are looking to cut funding to the already overburdened public mental health system by $134 million for 2012-13.A prime example of cost shifting has occurred within the Harris County Jail, now the largest mental health facility in Texas. The Harris County Jail treats more individuals with mental health issues on a chance(a) basis than our states 10 psychiatric hospitals combined. This is especially worrisome giv en that the United States Department of Justice reports that it costs 60 percent more to incarcerate inmates with serious mental illnesses than it costs to house typical inmates. It is clear that imprisonment of the mentally ill will not help the situation at hand, only add to the severity of it.Incarceration of the mentally ill can be devastating and costly. While, those suffering from mental illness need help, confinement in federal, state, and local prisons is not the answer. Local leaders and government officials need to advocate for the mentally ill, and push for more funding to insure proper treatment is available to those in need. References Abram, K. M. , & Teplin, L. A. (1991). Co-occurring disorders among mentally ill jail detainees. American Psychologist, 46, 1036-1045. Dan L. Creson, MENTAL HEALTH, Handbook of Texas Online (http//www. shaonline. org/handbook/online/articles/smmun), accessed October 14, 2012. promulgated by the Texas State Historical Association. Janic e C. May, GOVERNMENT, Handbook of Texas Online (http//www. tshaonline. org/handbook/online/articles/mzgfq), accessed October 14, 2012. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. Undefined. (May 15, 2012). Texas Department of State Health Services. In 18th Edition Texas Laws for Mental Health. Retrieved October 14, 2012, from http//www. dshs. state. tx. us/mhrules/Texas_Laws. shtm.

Midwestern Art Museum Essay

Background The present paper re grabs a case study as written by Lewicky, Saunders and Barry in the text Negotiations titled MidwesternContemporary Art, case number 6. Its guidance is on a financial crisis that the m engrossum is facing due to a donors failure to support a five jillion dollar pledge. The donor was the museums previous president of the display panel of directors who had a falling emerge with the museum director over financial matters and matte up minimized by the lack support by board members. The museum is in the process of completing a major capital project and faces the near full term possibility of bankruptcy if the pledge is not fulfilled.Results Legal counsel for the museum recommends suing to collect the funding but that strategy presents several negative outcomes. First is that there ar very few cases where a museum has litigated a donor successfully so this is not a tested option and even if they were successful, collecting the amount awarded by the court whitethorn prove very difficult. Secondly, it raises the likelihood of creating negative public relations that could adversely affect time to come functions. Lastly, some of the board members are inappropriate to this idea. Another course of swear out is to enter in to dialogues to secure the funding.The current president of the board must limit on a course of action to obtain the necessary funding and unite the board in a functional manner. Conclusions A re new(a)ed focus on the future kinship amid this donor and the MCA needs to be forged through skilled negotiations in a way that go out benefit every iodin involved. The legal way should not be the first course of action for the MCA to obtain the five jillion dollar pledge. The board should first try to implement a well planned negotiation strategy to allow the legal option as the BATNA.Situation. The Midwestern Contemporary Art (MCA) Museum opened in 1976 and is devoted to modern art. In January of 1989 the MCA hired Keith Schmidt as executive director, and due to his extensive experience very much was expected of him. That equivalent year a reputable lawyer from the area named pricking metal hammerer was selected as the board president. He had been a board member since 1981 and was an avid collector of contemporary art a pine with his wife. Together they had acquired the largest art collection of this type in the Great Lakes area.Peter Smith and Keith Schmidt had very different leadership dashs and it led to dis balances on how to expand and grow the MCA. These arguments often became personalized and led to animosity and mistrust. about of their arguments had to study with the speed of MCAs expansion, which was pushed by Keith Schmidt. Peter Smith was more concerned about the finances and did not trust that Schmidt could operate the museum in the black. Smith presented his concerns about Schmidt to the other board members but they didnt share the same notionings of mistrust since Mr. Schmidts performance had not proven deficient so far. repayable to problems betwixt the two men, Peter Smith resigned from the board in December 1991. The Smiths disappeared from the art scene at the end of 1991 and missed all payments on their $5 million pledge to the MCA. This became a problem because the MCA was planning on constructing a new building. The Smiths pledge was a signifi croupt amount and the new MCA facilities completion depended on their pledge. Also, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) required all non-profit organizations to record pledges as income so the MCA had already accounted for the m integrityy.This caused an even more financial hardship on the museum, and in late 1997, MCA found itself in a financial crisis due to high debt resulting from the construction and the Smiths unfulfilled pledge. The current board director is Peggy Fischer and she has just finished a meeting with the board to discuss the possibility of suing the Smiths for the five million dollar pledge. Although she is uncomfortable with several aspects of the legal route, she knows the museum whitethorn face bankruptcy without the pledge. She must decide if the MCA should try to pursue negotiations with the Smiths or legal action.It is a big decision to make and the boards next meeting is in five days. Who is in Charge? permits consider the leadership crisis that got them in the situation to start with. First of all, Keith Schmidt as the executive director should be able to answer the board hot seats questions in a clear and logical manner and should not expect an unsigned check regardless of how he was treated elsewhere. Beyond that, Peter Smith as the board chairman is distinctly micromanaging the director and as a result, both men have let the business descent flummox personal.If you insist on micro-managing, you have a problem if you believe you must check on every detail, your style is symptomatic of insecurity or paranoia. Your style is bas ed on a lack of faith and trust in other people. And, it is repressive. It leads to little growth, it discourages all human resource development, and it focuses on problems of detail, and discourages teamwork. If you dont trust your manager or his judgment, and you are unwilling to allow him to assume either responsibility, you are cheating yourself of the talent you are paying for.As much as you may want to, you providet build a one-person organization that will succeed in the long run. Micro-managing may work for a while, but in sentence, it acts as a brake on all progress. In this case, it is stifling the expansion and growth of the MCA. Mr. Smith doesnt build that he is working against himself by discouraging new ideas, new art exhibits, new talent and the push to move forward has been imprisoned in the spirit of one person. The two men are experiencing a competitive conflict based on different viewpoints or perspectives. I consider that they have the same goals they just disagree on how to go about obtaining them.Also, this organization is experiencing growing pains with the hiring of the director. Consequently, the roles and expectations of the organizations members should be clarified. This one area of conflict can be the trickiest because when you are in charge, often perspectives different from your own are misunderstood or pushed aside. Managers and leaders must remember that at least some of their employees will likely have different perspectives. In fact, often different perspectives are where creative solutions are developed. on that point are ways to structurally repress conflict in an organization.The ost common and effective way is to stomach people with a clear definition and understanding of their role, function, and responsibilities in the workplace. This will provide them with a good understanding of the job and tasks they are to perform as an individual and within any teams they are a part of. It besides provides information on where they fit within the organization and who they report to, helping to avoid disputes and misunderstandings over authority. Failing to define workplace roles and responsibilities can create tension, miscommunication and inefficiency within your business (Bulleit, 2006). people may be changeable as to what jobs are their own and who they are required to report to. Mistakes and omissions can also occur where people are unsure of what is required of them, therefore creating inefficiencies which cost time and money. If Peter Smith and Keith Schmidt understood this at the beginning of their relationship, much of the dispute would have been avoided. Once you have be each persons roles and responsibilities, you can record this in a job description. This can be as formal or idle as you prefer, however it is important to record the key information.Job descriptions provide the opportunity to clearly communicate each individuals roles and responsibilities and also operate as a way to me asure performance. With the role of each individual in the organization defined, you can also create an organization chart. This chart is a tool that helps to define the inter-relationships between the board, the director and rung. It defines reporting structures and lines of authority and responsibility, providing a picture of how the organization functions. It can be very helpful when creating a new position in an organization to have people write their own job description.This gives you insight in how that person views his responsibilities and creates buy-in on their part. People like to be part of decisions that affect their life sentence as opposed to being told what to do. In this situation, the board of directors and its members should define their roles as well as the executive director and the faculty since they are all very different. At MCA the roles are different since it is a not-for-profit organization and there are no shareholders to report to. The role of the chai rman is to provide vision and outline the goals of the MCA.The role of the director is to develop a plan of how to achieve those goals and the role of the staff is to execute or put the plan in to action. Im not sure how large the staff is at MCA, but the structural organization should extend beyond Mr. Schmidt. When defining roles and responsibilities in the workplace, you may need to create a list of all of your staff and a list of all of the tasks and roles within your business. You can then assign the roles to each staff member. It is important to remain flexible and be prepared to modify your plan in consultation with your employees.Peter Smith acted poorly when his advice was not followed by the board. It is his inability to pass the torch thinking that only he can win the race to success and that is largely what caused the whole situation. He is willing to take his toys and go home if he doesnt get it his way. When Peter Smiths advice was not followed by the board and he res igned he should have either move back his pledge so the MCA could plan accordingly or honored his commitment. The Decision. Peggy Fischer as the current board chairman has some hard decisions.She needs to consider any alternative approaches to collect the unfulfilled pledge as opposed to a direct approach of just calling and demanding the money. She should also consider what alternatives the Smiths may have. For any successful negotiation, there is a pregnant amount of homework involved. The legal option may not work out since it is largely untested as pointed out by legal counsel. If that doesnt work, the MCA will be in even deeper financial trouble with no options left with the Smiths. Ms. Fisher should first clearly identify the goal.I think that the goal should be to establish a positive relationship with the Smiths that will secure the five million dollar contribution soon and create a positive relationship that has future benefits. In addition to this goal, a Best Alternativ e To a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA) needs to be established. BATNAs are critical to negotiation because you cannot make a wise decision about whether to accept a negotiated agreement unless you know what your alternatives are. Your BATNA is the only standard which can protect you both from accepting terms that are too unfavorable and from rejecting terms it would be in your interest to accept.For example, the Smiths may agree to assist in finding another source of money to make up the pledge. This is not what is expected, but it may be enough to meet the financial needs of the museum. There may be several options to consider in an agreement that would accomplish the goal without strictly adhering to only two possible outcomes. Get the five million now or sue. In the simplest terms, if the proposed agreement is better than your BATNA, then you should accept it. If the agreement is not better than your BATNA, then you should reopen negotiations. (Fisher & Ury 1991).Along with establis hing the negotiation sought after outcome or goal and the BATNA, you need to determine the bottom line. A bottom line signifies the worst possible outcome that a negotiator cleverness accept. Maybe it would be acceptable to obtain half of the pledged money with the idea that MCA could come up with the rest elsewhere. The bottom line is meant to act as the final barrier where a negotiation will not proceed further. It is a means to defend oneself against the pressure and temptation that is often exerted on a negotiator to conclude an agreement that is self defeating (Lewicki, Saunders & Barry, 2009).Then the next step in this situation requires her to select a negotiation strategy based on the type of relationship MCA wishes to achieve with the Smiths if any. If the importance of the relationship is high and the importance of the outcome is high, then a cooperative style of negotiation is in order. Do they want to re-establish a long term relationship? If not, then a more competit ive strategy is more suitable. In this situation the board members appear to be split on their strategy.Some of the board members have made it clear that they have reservations about employ the legal course, or competitive strategy, and at least one supports the chief counsels recommendations. If the MCA determines that they do not expect to deal with the Smiths ever again and they do not need their goodwill in the long term, then it may be appropriate to play hardball, seeking to win the negotiation while the other person loses out. Similarly, since there is a great deal at stake in the negotiation, it may be appropriate to prepare in detail and legitimate gamesmanship to gain advantage.Anyone who has been involved with large sales negotiations will be familiar with this. Neither of these approaches is usually much good for resolving disputes with people with whom you have an ongoing relationship If the MCA plays hardball, then this disadvantages the Smiths and may, quite fairly, lead to reprisal later. Similarly, using tricks and manipulation during a negotiation can undermine trust and damage teamwork. Attempting to manipulate the Smiths in a negotiation may backfire. Here, honesty and openness is the ruff policy. So lets consider the basic strategies available.The avoiding strategy is obviously not going to work since there is no clear way to obtain the funds elsewhere. The competitive strategy in this situation is comprised of the legal option that is recommended by the chief counsel and supported by at least one board member. The accommodating strategy would also require that MCA finds another source of funding since they are facing a short term crisis. A collaborative strategy is ideal but is difficult given the short time frame. The best alternative method to seek the cooperation of the Smiths and to collect the unfulfilled pledge is to use any existing relationships among the board members.If this is not apparent, she may consider hiring a consulta nt even if it is only for mapping out a strategy. It may be well worth the money because some research needs to be done to determine the network of contacts which exist around the Smiths. I think that involving a third party at least initially is a good idea to break the ice. In order to collect the five million dollar pledge, the MCA clearly needs the help of influential people to open doors, make reintroductions and even to make the ask when appropriate.Someone is needed who will focus on reinforcing collaborations and partnerships and build on those strengths. Now is the time to put the right people in the right position to both grieve the loss of the Smiths relationship and honor their contributions. Since the Smiths were very involved in the community, the involvement of influential people from outside the museum that may be best to use in a networking and personal approach. The negotiator must be able to avoid focusing on the past and skilled at guiding the discussion to a pos itive view of the future.Pointing fingers or histrionics are clearly inappropriate because they undermine the rational basis of the negotiation and because they bring a manipulative aspect to them (Phillips, 2011). The smiths need to be convinced that the MCA is important to them and the best person to do this is someone that they trust. Not lost in this situation is the fact that the Smiths are facing a significant life changing event it may cause them to re-evaluate their relationship with MCA. If the Smiths are approached in a positive manner, they may choose to reclaim the part of their life that they invested so much time and money in as a legacy to Peter.Leaving bequests to museums has a long history. The board should be involved in further discussions leading to a decision about whether or not to file a lawsuit and to this end, Peggy Fisher has some negotiations of her own to accomplish with the board members. The style of the negotiation is important because emotions are hig h due to the critical situation. Keep in mind that for a negotiation to be win-win, both parties should feel positive about the negotiation once its over. There are those on the board who want to sue and those who are in opposition and this has capability to evolve in to a destructive division.Peggy has to unify the board in a way that will maintain good working relationships afterwards and also govern the style of the negotiation. Emotion can be an important subject of discussion because peoples emotional needs must fairly be met. Usually, emotion is best left out of negotiations but Peter Smiths terminal cancer should not be ignored. If emotion is not discussed where it needs to be, then the agreement reached will be unsatisfactory and temporary. I dont think the museum should sue the Smiths as a first approach to this situation primarily because the relationship between a foundation and its donors is precious.Suing the people paying the bills is not good public relations and thi s will definitely generate a lot of tending in the community. Even if MCA wins the lawsuit there is still the big question of how to collect. Will they have to hire a collection agency? Is there one that will even take the job? If for some reason the Smiths dont have the money it is going to be very difficult to collect. forwards going any further with this as the debt collection strategy, the MCA needs to look at this from a clear perspective. Have they given the debtor enough time and notice to repay the debt that they owe?It is crucial that they undertake to contact the debtor directly before starting any legal procedures and suing for money owed. When the Smiths missed their payments, did anyone attempt to collect? This may be an issue in court. It is important to find out exactly why the Smiths have not paid because there could be some fairly legitimate reasons for the shortfall. The legal process may not produce results in the timely manner needed in this situation because it may lead to mediation anyway. Mediation is another debt collection strategy that uses intermediarys instead of going to court so you are back to a negotiating strategy.A mediator is a professional, hired in order to settle a dispute outside of court. They may make it easier for an agreement to be reached, however this must be reached voluntarily between the two parties (Bailey, 2010). There is a better way for the MCA to attempt the collection of the money pledged by the Smiths however, I think that the sue option is a good BATNA and should be used in this manner as part of a well planned negotiation. Having a good BATNA increases your negotiating author and the trick in this situation is determining when to make that option known to the Smiths in order to strengthen your negotiating power.The negotiation should be well thought out and executed properly. Care should be taken that the BATNA is not seen by negotiators as a safety net, but rather as a point of leverage in negotiat ions and again, determining when to bring it in the negotiations is a key part that a skilled negotiator must determine. In conclusion, the leadership dispute between Peter Smith and Keith Schmidt and the resulting parting of ways on supposedly bad terms should be put to rest.A renewed focus on the future for the Smiths and the MCA needs to be forged through skilled negotiations that will benefit everyone in the very different situation that both parties now face. The legal route should not be the first course of action for the MCA. The board should first try to implement a well planned negotiation strategy to include the legal option as the BATNA. Peggy Fischer has some negotiation work of her own to accomplish with the board members in order to unify everyone and focus all their resources and efforts in accomplishing a collaborative, long term relationship with the Smiths that will benefit everyone.

“9” by E.E. Cummings Analysis Essay

Edward Estlin Cummings was a unique poet with an equally unique makeup style. E. E. Cummings was innate(p) on October 14th, 1894 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1916, Cummings graduated with a masters degree from Harvard University. During his studies, he was subject to many great writers such as Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound. After working for five months as a volunteer ambulance driver in World War I, he was captured by French authorities. He was accused on accounts of espionage.After the war, he settled into a life in which he bounced around from houses in rural Connecticut and Greenwich Village. He as well as traveled through Europe meeting various poets and artists, including Pablo Picasso. During his life, Cummings won a number of awards for his unique style of writing. At the epoch of his death in 1962, he was the second most widely read poet in the United States, only behind Robert Frost. In this essay, we will discuss three distinct features of his writing that made it so unique. These features included literary devices, imagery, and symbolism.One of the most prominent poetic devices in E. E. Cummings song, 9, is alliteration. This literary device is obvious end-to-end the poem. For example, in the first stanza, There are so many tic-toc measure everywhere telling people what tic-toc epoch it is, for tic-toc instance, five toc minutes toc past half a dozen tic (Cummings Web). Cummings uses the phrase tic-toc, and other variations of that to create a sense of repetition. This fits nicely into what the major theme of the poem is. Cummings believes that watching and keeping track of time gets repetitive.Through alliteration, Cummings creates a sense of repetition while summarizing the overwhelming theme of the poem. A nonher major poetic device Cummings uses in his poem 9 is imagery. Cummings makes use of descriptive phrases that practically paint a picture in the readers mind. For example, Spring is not regulated and does not get out of order, n or do its hands a unforesightful jerking move over numbers slowly (Cummings Web). The section Its hand a little jerking move over numbers slowly, instantly gives the reader the image of a clock.In the way he conveys this, its clear that he feels time is moving very slowly. In the third stanza, We do not wind it up, it has no weights, backlash wheels inside of its slender self, no indeed dear zero point of the kind (Cummings Web), Cummings creates vivid imagery. This shows that Cummings is relating how he has no use for a clock and doesnt care for the principle of keeping time. He would sort of live life time free, without having to worry about being on time or being late. The third and final poetic device that shows up in the poem, 9, is symbolism.To begin the poem Cummings uses symbolism. The number 9 refers to the number of times he uses the words, tic-toc, toc-tic, tic-tic, toc, and tic. Also, as seen in the fourth stanza, So when pamper spring comes, well buss each kiss oth er on kiss the kiss lips because the tic clocks toc dont make a toc-tic difference to kiss kiss you and to kiss me (Cummings Web). Cummings uses the word kiss to complicate and clutter the verse. If you remove those words, he simply summarizes all of his thoughts in the last stanza.He says when spring comes we can kiss because the clocks dont make a difference to you and me. This symbolizes that Cummings cant wait for the spring and summer months when the clocks dont play a role in his life. In conclusion, Cummings uses his poem 9 to relay his feeling to time. He feels that clocks are constantly telling people what time it is, that they are too late or too early. He believes they should be allowed freedom, which the clocks dont have the appearance _or_ semblance to give. In the summer, however, the clocks dont matter because its a time for relaxation and fun. He could really care less about the clocks.

Napoleon and Snowball (Animal Farm) Essay

George Orwells Animal Farm is an allegorical novel that reflects events such(prenominal) as the Bolshevik revolution, the economic reform by Trotsky the Russian famine in 1921 and during the Stalin era before the Second World War. The pigs represent the communist leaders, and the last out of the animals on the farm signify the different social functions of Russian society and how the communist takeover of Russia affected them. Two main characters, increase and snooze (who symbolize Trotsky and Stalin), engages in a political struggle, as both of them wanted to have the cater to lead all of the animals. Although cat sleep wins the struggle in the end, snowballs political strategy is break in than the corrupted leadership of Napoleon.Snowball cares more about the living condition of the animals. Compared to Napoleon, Snowball knows the meaning of Animalism, which is animals are tinct and it should lead the animals to a better life. Snowball is interested in reading all kinds o f books to enrich his scope of knowledge to make the animals work easier. For example, he declares the wind generator idea from a book of the Jones. Also Snowball is very brave he has studied the book of Julian Caesar and successfully led through the interlocking of the Cowshed while Napoleon was hiding himself in the barn.Snowball has an intelligent and friendly character. Unlike Napoleon, Snowball never forces someone to agree with his ideas. Instead, he is advanced at explaining how his ideas work and persuades all the animals to believe and trust his ideas. Unlike Napoleon, Snowball does not need Squealers help, he can do the explaining part all by himself. Napoleon has his own ways to control other animals such as the dogs and Squealer but Snowball has different way which is the committees.Snowball seems to work better within the political system. Napoleon goes around it. Napoleon, for instance, he understands the role of force in political control and uses his attack dogs to expel Snowball from the farm. Napoleon seems to have a powerful, self-centered desire for control, while Snowball seems to think of himself as a genius who should be the one to guide the farm toward success.Snowball is the only one who knows the real meaning of Animalism, and he is putting out true effort to make the living standard of the animals better than before, and insists everyone is equal. After the expel of Mr. Jones, the Animal Farm is supposed to be democracy, all of the animals should decide how to do things together, any one animal to rise to greater power than any other would violate that ideal, and make Animal Farm indistinguishable from a human farm. On the other hand the only thing that Napoleon thinks about is how to gain more power and personal benefit from the farm. Snowball always comes up with some long-term plans and on the other hand Napoleon can only come up with some short-term plans. In conclusion, Snowballs political strategy is better then the corrupted leadership of Napoleon.

Birthday party by Katharine Brush

They were a couple in their late thirties, and they looked unmistakably married. They sat on the banquette diametral us in a little narrow restaurant, having dinner. The man had a round, self-satisfied face, with glasses on it the woman was fadingly pretty, in a big hat. at that place was nothing conspicuous about them, nothing particularly noticeable, until the end of their meal, when it suddenly became obvious that this was an occasionin fact, the husbands birthday. And the wife had planned a little surprise for him.It arrived, in the form of a small but glossy birthday measure, with one pink candle burning in the center. The police captain brought it in and placed it before the husband, and meanwhile the violin-and-piano orchestra played Happy Birthday to You and the wife beamed with shy pride over her little surprise, and such few tribe as there were in the restaurant tried to help out with a pattering of applause. It became clear at once that help was needed, because the hu sband was not pleased. kinda he was hotly embarrassed, and indignant at his wife for embarrassing him.You looked at him and you saw this and you thought, Oh, now dont be like that just he was like that, and as soon as the little cake had been deposited on the table, and the orchestra had finished the birthday piece, and the general attention had shifted from the man and the woman, I saw him regularize something to her beneath his breathsome punishing thing, quick and curt and unkind. I couldnt bear to look at the woman then, so I stared at my plate and waited for quite a long time. Not long enough, though. She was still crying when I finally glanced over there again.Crying quietly and heartbrokenly and hopelessly, all to herself, under the gay big brim of her best hat. Purpose of the bilgewater is that Appreciation is the best reward of the hard work in close relations. In story the woman wants to surprise his husband on his birthday, for that purpose she arranged cake for him and also she dressed a big hat which introduces her happiness on that occasion. But at last the husband shows a rude behave. Literary devices used by Narrator Devices used by narrator to show efforts did by wife to surprise. 1. Glossy birthday cake 2. One pink candle3. Served by headwaiter 4. Music of violin-and-piano The women walk with a huge hat to show excitement on her husbands birthday. Hot behave of husband to show that he is now happy with his wife excitement. Opposite to narrator ( not included in answer) . The women walks in with a huge hat looking for attention and grabs a seat. The man is want a simple birthday party with dinner only. The waiters come out with a huge PINK cake. It sounds like the women is doing much for her husband, and is excited. He says something short yet hurtful and she bursts out in tears.Attention here once again. It was a pink cake and the man wasnt looking for to much attention, and narrator seems to direct all the attention on the cake purcha sed by wife. Therefore when reading it, you may think at first, how rude of the man. But analysis shows that hey, it wasnt really all his fault, the women was trying to make a scene. But we cant see this because of the narrator is watching from a far and doesnt show the thoughts and emotions. Reference 1. www. sccollege. edu/projects/433/Birthday%20Party%20K. %20Brush. doc

Followers and Leaders of Animal Farm

animals on Manor Farm over throw their mean and evil rulers who have overworked and mistreated them. Once the animals flap control over the prove they set up slogans and rules the animals must come in order to have equivalence and justice on the new farm.The farm is mainly ran by the pigs, who are considered the most intelligent, and also the two main ruler pigs named Snowb entirely and nap. forty winks uses dogs he took away as pups and trained them to follow his language and also uses them to chase Snowball dispatch the farm. Now Napoleon has complete control over the farm along with the some separate pigs and the dogs.Napoleons list one pig who helps him run the farm the way he likes is named Squealer. Squealer is in truth persuasive and can manipulate any animal he inevitably to. The author of the book Animal Farm is named George Orwell and he wrote this story to have a allegoric representation of the Russian Revolution. Orwell shows in this composing of writing tha t twain leaders and followers in a society can act in ways that destroy certain rights such as freedom and equality. one(a) of the followers name is bagger and this horse believes that everything the pigs say about napoleon is always right.Overall, Napoleons right hand pig, Squealer, uses persuasive wording and effective speeches to manipulate other animals on the farm that Napoleon is always right. In Animal Farm one of the leaders name is Squealer and he is a pig who is very persuasive.The text states, The others said of Squealer that he could turn black into sportsmanlike. (pg16) When George Orwell describes Squealer as being able to turn black into white, he is in fact referring to Squealers persuasive skill. In other words, Squealer has enough persuasive talent to be able to convince the animals in Animal Farm that black is white or vice-versa.Squealer uses his wonderful way of talking persuasively towards the other animals on the farm. When Squealer does this he is bein g artful words to make the animals think what he wants them to.This effects the equality on the farm because the animals may not realize that they are being cheated out of their rights they genuinely fought for when they ran the original farm hands off the farm. Squealers persuasion is powerful because he influences the animals into thinking only positive ideas about Napoleon. This shows that Squealer is very manipulative and takes advantage of his power of manipulation.Squealer keeps his power throughout the wise is by staying as an important aspect to Napoleon. Napoleon uses Squealer to go out and persuade the animals on the farm that the pigs arent doing anything wrong or against the rules. This is very relevant to the story because if Napoleon didnt have Squealer to help him run the farm than Napoleon wouldnt have too many condescenders and without his supporters he wouldnt have any power. In Animal Farm, Orwell chose the characteristics of the animals to allegorically repre sent peck or groups from the Russian Revolution.Napoleon plays Stalin who was a cruel ruler who used military tactics to enforce his rules. This overall represents how in Animal Farm Orwell used all of the characters to have an allegorical meaning. Squealer is a representation of the Propaganda Department, and Napoleon represents the Russian Revolutions cruel leader. Squealers overall goal is to persuade all of the animals to becoming loyal to Napoleon like how the propaganda department was a way of persuading the people of the Soviet Union to become loyal to Stalin.Squealer is reaching his goal one by one and gains support every time he talks to the animals. Next, in Animal Farm one of the animals who follow Napoleon and Squealers words is a very strong and hardworking horse named Boxer. At first, things seem to be going well. Hes a hard worker, making I will work harder into his personal guideword (ch-3). Hes a brave fighter, and the narrator tells us that, during the Battle of the Cowshed, the most terrifying spectacle of all was Boxer, rearing up on his hind legs and striking out with his colossal iron-shod hoofs like a stallion (ch-4).But its not enough to keep him safe. At the beginning of the novel, Old Major warns Boxer that hes disposable the very day that those smashing muscles of yours lose their power, Jones will send you to the knacker, who will cut your throat and boil you down for the fox-hounds (ch-1). Boxer can see thatbut once Jones is forced off the farm, Boxer thinks the threat is gone. Hes just not smart enough to see that hes got a whole new species to worry about. Boxer worries about the farm, but hes not smart enough to figure things out on his own.Instead of thinking for himself, he decides to be loyal no matter whatto follow the Party (as in, Communist Party) line. Like, by and by Snowball is sent into exile, Boxer tries to think things over for himself, but all he can come up with is, If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be righ t, and he takes up a new personal motto Napoleon is always right (ch-5). Boxer is one of the animals who is easily persuaded and this is why the pigs think of him as a powerful disciple. Boxer absorbs everything the pigs tell him.Boxer would work so hard that it would influence the other animals to want to start and work also. This is not a proper thing that is happening because when they are working on different projects on the farm they are taking orders from Napoleon and if they do that than there isnt equality because this means that Napoleon is of a higher authority. If Napoleon is a higher rank in the social class than there isnt equality. Boxer does not realize that he is giving up his freedom and he certainly doesnt know that he is causing the other animals to also.He doesnt realize this because all he does is follow Napoleons rules and work as hard as he can. Boxer motivates the other animals to work harder when the animals see him trying so hard to work. Boxers behavior i s not typical of the animals on Animal Farm because he doesnt ever question Napoleon like some of the other followers on the farm have. Also Boxer is not like the other animals because even though he is a follower he influenced other animals to follow in his footsteps and work harder.This shows that because Boxer is listening to Squealer he worked harder and that influences the other animals to work but also to give away their right to freedom and equality. In Conclusion, Napoleons second in command, also known as Squealer, persuades the animals on Animal Farm into thinking he is a wonderful leader. One of Squealers followers is a very work dedicated horse named Boxer. The author of this story is name Orwell and his purpose of writing this piece was to have the allegorical purpose of symbolism of the Russian Revolution.Orwell may have written this as a warning to the readers about how human behavior is when they redeem to much power. When someone gets too much power it goes to thei r head and they cant function like they use to and may make bad decisions. From this novel the reader has learned that society is always adjusting itself. Not every situation is perfect nor can one expect perfection. However, the reader also learned that people have morals by which they hold themselves. Any leader who pushes his morals upon a group does not deserve power.

Try to Persuade Socrates Friends to Save Him

seek to persuade the Socratess friends to save him, against his lead. Socrates Is star of the most colorful figures of the ancient Greek world, who the strangeness of silence life have always been of special philosophical and political science. He was convict to death because he does non believe in God and corrupted the youth plenty to do the analogous. In Platos dialogue Crito, Socrates spent his last time in the prison. Crito is coming to save Socrates and have plans how to make his get out. Socrates discussing with Crito should he escape from prison or non and gives arguments wherefore he take aways to stay and waiting for his death.Crito sincerely wants to save his close friend but Socrates explain his wisdom thoughts I am the kind of human being who listens to nothing within me but the argument that on reflection seems best to me. I cannot, now that this denominate has come upon me, discard the arguments I used they seem to me much the same. I value and respect th e same principles as before, and If we have no better arguments to bring up at this moment, be sure that I shall not agree with you (Crito, 46 b,c) and take a decision he does not want to be save. Furthermore, Crito shows some of his arguments why Socrates should escape.First, If he dies he leave behind leaves his 3 children and family. Second, If Socrates dies, Crito will lose close friend. Third, If Crito will not save him, this will be a big shame for his reputation . On the one hand, among his friends, because it will seems that Crito did not his best to save him. On the other hand among the people in capital of Greece however because they expect it to happen and the opinion of majority still matter. Therefore, If Crito will not save Socrates, the people will think that he does not want to do it and does not want to spend notes for him.In this arguments, Crito wants to make Socrates to change his opinion and to go out of prison, because, all of his friends are ready to do everything for him We would be justified in running this risk to save you, and worse, if necessary. (Crito, 45e). Also, if he is dead he will neer see his grow up children and how they are doing well in life. Moreover, staying in the prison is the easiest thing, more catchy to reach is the courage which one man like Socrates needs to find in himself.In response to Crito ,Socrates says his arguments why he should stay. First , he believed that the opinion of majority is not the important thing and Crito does not need to worry about it. Second, Socrates was a man who trust in reason and Law, so for him it is impossible to hold up the rules and to go out form prison, this will be unjustly among the Athenian state. He believed that he must stay in prison because for him the good life, the beautiful life, and the just life are the same (Crito,48b).He believed that the life, has no value if his life is without moral. Third , Socrates cannot leave the prison because he believed that his loyalty of Athens would be ) incursion if he escape. In addition, with his escape , he thought that he would harm his own soul, because go wronging the rules and harming the metropolis it is the same like harming the soul. He was made an argument to follow the Law and can not break it. Following this further the most important thing is to live moral and just life.However, Socrates friends should save him, omit that they will lose a good friend and he will leave alone 3 young children , but also because Socrates is contradictory in his opinions. Generally, he give tongue to that the opinion of majority it is not so important thing, but now he still thinking how a educated and judicious person who value the rules and wisdom it will stand with the expert in right and wrong We should not think so much of what the majority will say about us , but what he will say who understand justice and injustice, the one , that is , and the truth itself. (Crito,48a) On the one hand , he sa id that he believed in Athens Law and he will do it wrong and artifice if made his escape. In fact, he is sentenced in death because of corrupting the youth but actually he is innocent. So, where is the Law now? The Athens Law failed when sentenced a innocent men to death , because this is against the principles of legal philosophys and rules. Additionally, nowhere it is compose that Socrates has a contract with his state to follow the rules, and If he wants he can escape.So If he breaks the law, it will not be a big risk for the state, because it is already incorrect. On the other hand , he said that an injustice should not be rewarded with another injustice, because it leads to more evil. He mentioned that it is unjustly to escape from prison because this will be breaking the law, but the real meaning is Athens and wrongful death sentence against him, just because he is innocent man and it is more unjustly to death for something which actually you have never did it. feces we s ay that Socrates believed in something insane and impossible?Definitelly yes Because of this he will never understand the chance to escape and So one must never do wrong (Crito,49b)All in all, instead of his friends help, he did not leave the prison and just drink his cup with poison. In conclusion, Crito dialogue maybe teach us that everybody have point of view over the life. Maybe Socrates wants to value the Law and for him this is right and death is a free will. He believed that the Law have given him the possibility to have the great life and without law he will never be this person who is now.Nevertheless, Socrates still wrong for his fiends. He needs to be save and to live with his family, to protect them, to deny his unjust death, but every time some of them- his friends or Socrates will be wrong. But there is not more right way of a person who stand up for his truth. Bibliography Crito in Plato Five Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo, trans. G. M. A Grbe (Ha ckett publishing 2002) Crito in Plato Five Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo, trans. G. M. A Grbe (Hackett print 2002), p. 48 Crito in Plato Five Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo, trans. G. M. A Grbe (Hackett publication 2002), p. 48 Crito in Plato Five Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo, trans. G. M. A Grbe (Hackett Publishing 2002), p. 51 Crito in Plato Five Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo, trans. G. M. A Grbe (Hackett Publishing 2002), p. 50 Crito in Plato Five Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo, trans. G. M. A Grbe (Hackett Publishing 2002), p. 52 pic 4

Labeling and Discrimination Essay

Theory is the savage process. It is the mien people and actions be defined as abominable. The one definite thing that all condemnables cope is the negative fond reaction as cosmos denominate as bad. Law-abiding nightclub oftentimes shuns the offender causing them to be stigmatized and stereotyped. The negative label applied to an offender often shapes their self-image and often leads them to live up to their newfound identity by committing acts that are more criminal.Edwin Lemert described this as organism secondary deviance caused by primary deviance. The self-concept identifies two major theoretical perspectives. The first concept being that deviant labeling may subsequently influence deviance by altering a persons self-worth. The role of self-dynamics and symbolic reaction amplifies negative expectations of society. The second concept focuses on social structure aspects of extrusion of offenders by block up access to structural opportunities. Matsudo, 1992) This ultim ately becomes dissimilarity for people labeled by society as criminals. Felon is a label that is granted to ex-offenders by society that confirms the degrade status that accompanies conviction. This is labeling. An offender is discriminated against because society views them as being bad. In short, a felon is a legal outlaw and social outcast. Not all the good that a person may urinate done previously suddenly matters and society assumes that thither is nonhing but despicable traits left in this persons character. Their integrity is lost forever. cabaret assumes that felons underside non change and it becomes a struggle to be given a second chance to prove that people can, and do change, if the bequeath to do so is in that respect coupled with the tools needed to achieve a criminal offence free life are similarly. The stigma wedded to felons is so great that most opportunities for education, employment, and housing are not easy to obtain. These opportunities (tools) are o ften blocked because the offender has a criminal conviction. If society wants a lower crime rank then it seems that these opportunities should be available to individuals in this category.In methodicalness to rehabilitate individuals thither must be a federal agency for them to raise their self-image and seek out a crime free life. A sense of self-pride and acquirement for m some(prenominal) offenders could be the turning point in life needed for them. In turn, the crime rate would decrease. (Bodwitch, 1993, Freeman, 1991, Hagan, 1991, Link, 1982, Sullivan, 1989) These peoples are no less human or equal than any other except that they fix made a mistake. Our society has somehow decided it to be acceptable to treat this group of people, and there are more than two million in the United States, as outcasts, undeserving of housing, employment, or education.Society has decided that felons should not only serve the sentence given as punishment for their crime, they should be punish f or the rest of their lives. This seems very unfair and cruel. In my opinion, we as a nation should be not be discriminating against this group of people, but instead should be giving them equal opportunity to be educate so that they can obtain employment to support themselves and their families. They should have the same opportunity to live in adequate housing just as the rest of society does.This would be a step in the right direction to help increase the self- image that has been shattered by labeling and possibly deter any behavior by responding to this labeling by continued criminal activity as a means of defense, adaptation, or by attacking back at society. (Bernberg) Education is the first step to rehabilitating an offender. Many offenders do not even have a high school education. Some cannot read or write. In order to obtain gainful employment sufficient to support ones self or a family, they must have at least a basic education.If not, some form of crime will be used to co mpensate for the lack of income provided by employment. In order to be employed by any company you must have a high school diploma or a GED certificate. Denying education is a form of discrimination to suppress a group of people from gainful employment. exercise is one of the hardest things for an offender to obtain. Employment applications ask for any convictions to be amounted. If an offense is not listed on the application, it can be a reason for termination.Anyone that does choose not to disclose their convictions runs the risk of losing benefits from years of employment such as their retirement benefits and/or medical c everywhereage. More often than not, if an offense is listed on the application it will be a disqualifying factor for consideration of the position. Even if the offense does not disqualify the applicator the mere fact that there are so many people looking for work that the applier without any previous convictions will probably be placed ahead on the qualifyi ng list for employment.Most employers view a felon just as the rest of society does. They do not want a person of this character working for them because they may view them as being dishonest, or they mogul even be frightened of the felon. This practice of asking for convictions on employment applications is also a form of discrimination. It greatly reduces the possibility of gainful employment for criminals by asking for this information. The past convictions of a person does not have any bearing on whether or not they are the best qualified applicant for the position offered by a company.If any person is denied employment and has no way to support himself or his family, that person will ultimately turn to some form of crime in order to do so. The offender will adapt and live up to societies expectations of them. If this type of discrimination stops, there is a possibility that more offenders will conform to the expectations of society and rehabilitate into productive citizens, t hus, decreasing crime in our communities. Another area of discrimination for offenders is the housing market.Society does not want anyone with a criminal past living in their community among them. An offender can have a conviction that is over twenty years old and still be denied housing in many communities such as mobile home parks, apartment complexes s, private rentals, and even from some home loans. Some communities will not allow anyone with any type of criminal history to live there. A person could have had their offenses laid-off by the court and still be denied because of the accusation alone.Many of the regime programs offered to help low-income people are not available to anyone with a felony. A felon is automatically disqualified from receiving any help from government programs. Offenders often end up living in communities that are offered by slum area lords in areas that have a bigger crime rate than in other areas. This practice of discrimination could lead to offend ers falling back into committing criminal acts because other criminals surround them, thus, reinforcing a negative self-image possibly in the lead to a return to criminal activities. If society continues to accept the criminology theory it will continue to cause social fusss for both the community and the offender. Labeling is a stepping stone in the development of criminal careers. (Benrburg) This social problem ruins peoples lives and creates a pattern of recidivism. The goal of society should be to try to find slipway to decrease crime, not condone practices that will potentially increase crime. Everyone deserves a second chance in life to correct the mistakes that have made.If society was as quick to give a second chance, as it is to label and condemn someone for their mistakes, we could possibly rehabilitate a good number of offenders into productive citizens. Our nation could even possibly decrease the crime rate at the same time. None of the other practices of the criminal justice system seems to be working very well, maybe an approach of removing the barriers blocking education, employment, and housing might make a positive difference.

Religious Diversity in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a small country in Asia, with the study existence to be Muslim (80%). However, it is also the home of other religious groups, mainly Hindu, with a population of more or less 16% and also Christians and Buddhists with small percentage. Minorities include Biharis and tribal among the tribal Chakma is the largest. In general, this country never had major issues regarding religious diversity but to know the opinion of people in general, we interviewed a Muslim housewife, a Christian woman working at a beauty parlor, and a Hindu university student. We asked them a sum up of questions about their religious festivals, faith, and opinion on other religions and cultural differences.According to our gathered answers, the main twain festivals for Muslims are- Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul_Azha for Hinduism- Durga and Kali puja for Christians- Christmas and Easter. Overall they all showed respect towards other religion and said that Bangladesh is receptive to diversity. The student matt-up that religion is indeed a major cause for unrest more or less the world. The opinion of the Muslim chick and the Christian student matched as they said that to keep peace intact, we should non criticize other religions and not say anything offensive about them. Everyone has their own belief and they are right on their positions. Therefore, we should not nip ourselves superior to others.Regarding culture, there are a number of differences in eating habits, dress up and cursory life. Bangladeshi people are fond of rice, vegetables and fish basically. However, Hindu people are fond of chapati (a form of bread) and sweet dishes Christians like wine a lot and they eat bread and drink wine to remember Jesus, this is called- Communion. Muslim ladies comport saree or salwar kameez mainly, and at times they wear a veil (knowh as nakab) to cover their faces. Hindu gents wear dhoti, a white cloth wrapped around the lower part of their bodies, and Punjabi during their puja or oth er various festivals. The marriages also differ significantly Christian brides wear white on their wedding day, whereas in Hinduisim, white is worn by widows.Every religion is different. They are unique in their own ways, with the faith, colours and in their way of practice. There are many Masjids, mandirs, Temples and Churches in Bangladesh all different in their decoration and followers. But at the end of the day, it all comes to one conclusion- Humanity. No matter which religion we belong to, or whether we worship ALLAH, RAM or JESUS- we are humans, created by the corresponding God, and thus should live together in harmony, show respect to others and maintain an unbreakable unity, not nevertheless in the country, but also in the world as a whole.Related article Padma noseband

Far from the Madding Crowd Essay

For example, when asked if he knew who the woman he was talking to had been (Liddy), he replied to Bathsheba I know her by sight. This was besides said as a way of protection. He also once lied to Bathsheba when showing her his sword fighting. He tells her that the sword is not very sagaciously until the end of the exercise, when he tells her the truth, this sword will shave like a razor. It is from about this sentence that Bathsheba begins to realise that she is latterlyly in love with troy weight, and has now forgotten about Mr. Boldwood. Bathsheba is attracted to a superficial man, however, except the reader can realise this.There is an example of dramatic irony amid these two characters when Troy has many faults such as gambling, womanising and the inability to settle and commit himself, not only are these faults and strong obsessions as well. These facts are all well known to the reader and the community in the story, but Bathsheba is oblivious to the fact. When infatu ated and blinded from these facts, there can be tragic consequences. When Bathsheba realises for herself, that she loves sergeant Troy, Gabriel oak reminds her of Boldwoods prior claims. He also criticises troy, provoking Bathsheba to defend Troy.The author of this book, Thomas Hardy, presents the infatuated Bathsheba as nai ve and blind. He directly contrasts Troy and Gabriel, where Gabriel acts as Bathshebas conscience, reminding her of Boldwoods claims. Gabriel attempts of warning Bathsheba to resist Troy before it is excessively late is prophetic. When Boldwood finally realises that he has been rejected, he tries bribing Troy, so that he would be interested in marrying Fanny. However, it is as well as late, Troy and Bathsheba were already married. This just shows how obsessed with Bathsheba really is.Troy doesnt seem to poster or appreciate the love and infatuation shown by Bathsheba. This is shown on their wedding day, during the party, as he didnt die any time with her ins tead, he got drunk and fell asleep in the barn with his friends. The storm that stony-broke out could have torn everything down and broken the wicks, but Gabriel, being the only observant i there realised and saved everything before it was too late. Gabriel Oak dominates the beginning of the story and is described as a young man of sound judgement and general good character.He is a hard workingman, and has done so during the whole of his life to become the independent farmer that he was. Although he is attracted to Bathsheba, he notices that she is very vain. He is very honest, practical, trust-worthy and faithful. He is also strong as his name suggests. Gabriel is everlastingly in control of himself. He accepts the fact the Bathsheba does not love him so unlike Boldwood, leaves her alone. He also keeps to his word, for example, when he told her that he would no longer talk to her, he didnt. Oak however, is a very honest and loyal man.Whenever Bathsheba was in a crisis, she alw ays asked for Oak. An example of this is when her sheep had eaten some clover and fell ill. She relied on Oak to come and save them. When her farm went on fire, Oak was the mysterious man who helped and at her wedding, when there was a storm, Oak strengthened the wicks. In a crisis he acts calmly and bravely saving Bathshebas crops in the fire and storm. He honestly condemns Bathshebas conduct to Boldwood on a number of occasions, twice confront dismissal. He is dismayed by Bathshebas infatuation with Troy, attempting to warn her against trusting him.When hiding his feelings he says he adored Bathsheba. Hardy points out the contrasts in the midst of homely Oak and the attractive Troy whose deformities lay deep down from a womans vision. There is a big contrast between Oak and Troy. Another difference between these characters is that Troy gambles and Gabriel reckons up the exact financial value of distributively risk threatened by the storm. At the end of the story it turns for th e better for Oak. He gets promoted from being the sheepman to the bailiff, his industry is awarded and he is offered a hare of the profits to manage Boldwoods farm after his imprisonment.Bathsheba realises at the end after Troys death, that she becomes weak and depressed and increasingly dependant on Gabriel. This helps her notice that she loves him and finally agrees to marry him. This shows that more or less the whole novel is about obsession between each of the characters. It also has a lot of romance in it with hard realism running through and through it. Additionally, it shows that not only is it the world that fall backs control in natural disasters but also people lose control in emotional disasters.

Epistemology †Sense Essay

The issue of existledge is definitely an inherent part in philosophy. It forces us to question whether we be plastered of the things we think we know, and whether we can justify the things we know are actually true. This theory or study of knowledge can be referred to as epistemology. either these views on knowledge can vary depending on how we view the world itself. We are able to see the world through the application of our senses, however, our senses alone can be very deceiving. We can never really be definite of what we know just by looking at the world the way it is.We are able to make opinions and assumptions about what we see, smell, taste, and hear, but can never really be absolute. In vow to claim knowledge, it requires certainty that something is true. If we were to claim knowledge without certainty, we would be disregarding Descartes conception of knowledge and certainty. Descartes clarifies doubt as the contrast to certainty. As certainty increases, doubt decreases conversely, as doubt increases certainty decreases.The world would not be as challenging as it is if we could just accept anything as knowledge. We would be able to simply opinionate, assume, and assessment whatever we would like and claim that all is true. However, as good as it sounds, it is not practical. It is as what it sounds to be like a make believe world. Basically, if we based knowledge off of ideas we are not certain of and just accepted them as true, we would never be able to continue on to the next levels of knowledge.somewhere along the lines of this uncertain knowledge, we would find that things do not correlate, or make sense. We would find ourselves questioning the tenableness for things and only finding out that our knowledge is inaccurate. All in all, fictitious knowledge is not good in the long run without certainty.

REPORT TOPIC LAW Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

REPORT TOPIC LAW - Assignment ExampleConflict of Laws or snobby International Law covers cases where a foreign element intrudes, raising questions as to the application of foreign honor or the role of foreign courts (Shaw, 1). Legal Positivism suggests that international law is not law at all because there is no true governing body that imposes the law and enforces its obedience. Contrast this with the laws of a disk operating system where the State itself is tasked with the promulgation and enforcement of the law. Instead, International Law is enforced by agreement between parties to a treaty, throng or international organization. For example, states that are parties to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 commit themselves to follow the rules of war set forth in those Conventions. State parties to the Kyoto Protocols bind themselves to the provisions of those environmental-safeguard protocols. Even the United Nations and its subordinate bodies exist because the UN State Parties signe d or acceded to the UN Charter to become members of the United Nations. Aside from Treaties and Conventions, which are essentially multilateral treaties, there are cardinal other sources of international law. They are international custom and general principals of law recognized by cultivate nations (ICJ Statute Art 38).